Online Language Resources
- Aleph-Bet on the Net Tutorials designed to reinforce vocabulary and spelling for beginning students of modern Hebrew.
- Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon The CAL database search page currently offers complete CAL lemma search, search for English glosses, text browse, Targum studies module, basic concordance search, advanced search by multiple text number(s), and advanced search by dialect.
- Greek Language and Linguistics Resources to facilitate the study of Ancient Greek and to promote the application of methodologies from the field of Linguistics to the study of Classical and Hellenistic Greek.
- Resources for Biblical Language Computing This web site provides instructions for setting up personal computers for biblical language computing. The instructions here will enable students to use biblical Hebrew and Greek and reliably print documents using the appropriate fonts.
- Hebrew Program at Yale University
- Learning Tools: the Hebrew Alphabet
Other Language Resources
A Grammatical analysis of the Greek New Testament - Max Zerwick, Mary Grosvenor
Call Number: PA810 Z4713 1996 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
ISBN/ISSN: 8876535888
". . . a running lexical and grammatical analysis of NT words and phrases, together with frequent exegetical comments." "The Greek text is now that of UBSGNT³." (Fitzmyer)
An Introduction to biblical Hebrew syntax - Bruce K. Waltke and M. O’Connor
Call Number: PJ4707 .W39 1990 (Marvin H. Pope Seminar Room)
ISBN/ISSN: 0931464315
"This is a modern linguistic study of biblical Hebrew syntax, intended for self-study and also as a reference grammar. Some 3500 examples illustrate the points of syntax discussed." (Fitzmyer)
Analytical key to the Old Testament - John Joseph Owens
Call Number: PJ4731 B53 O94 1989
ISBN/ISSN: 0801067146
The Hebrew words of each verse of the Hebrew Bible are listed in the order in which they occur in the verse, followed by the grammatical identification, the page number for BDB, the verbal root in some cases, and the paragraph number of Gesenius-Kautzsch-Cowley when there is an explanation of the word there, and an English translation. (Preface)- The recent study of Hebrew : a survey of the literature with selected bibliography - Nahum M. Waldman
Call Number: Z7070 W34 1989 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
"The work presented here puts before the student and researcher a survey of the linguistic study of the Hebrew language during the past forty years (approximately), with a bibliography of that research. The periods under consideration are: biblical, second Commonwealth and rabbinic, masoretic, medieval, and modern and contemporary. In addition, a chapter has been devoted to languages spoken by Jews which have a Hebrew component and which have existed alongside Hebrew, with varying hierarchical relationships and degrees of mutual influence. This chapter includes targumic Aramaic, Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Persian, Judezmo, modern Aramaic, and Yiddish." (Preface) - Comparative philology and the text of the Old Testament : with additions and corrections - James Barr
Call Number: PJ4564 B28 1987 - Hebrew in its West Semitic setting : a comparative survey of non-Masoretic Hebrew dialects and traditions - A. Murtonen
Call Number: PJ4855 M87 1986
Lexicons: Hebrew
- Hebrew and English lexicon of the Old Testament : with an appendix containing the Biblical Aramaic
Call Number: PJ4833 B68 1957 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
"The dictionary includes both Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic; words are not arranged alphabetically, but according to roots, sometimes more putative than real. Though the etymologies usually need scrutiny and many translations must now be corrected, this work is still valuable for its abundance of references to biblical passages and its listing of Hebrew or Aramaic idioms, which more modern lexica often curtail. For the corrected impression, G.R. Driver inserted only those corrections which could be made without resetting the sheets. This lexicon was based on an English translation of one by W. Gesenius, which in later editions has been a valuable reference tool. BDB has been reissued: The New Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon with an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1979). The Addenda and Corrigenda grouped previously in an appendix have been moved to the bottom margin of pages to which they refer. The Hebrew or Aramaic words have been coded to the numbering system of Strong's Concordance, and an important index has been added. All of this makes this old lexicon a still valuable tool for study." (Fitzmyer)
Also available in the Marvin H. Pope Seminar Room and in the library stacks. 
Index to Brown, Driver & Briggs Hebrew Lexicon - compiled by Bruce Einspahr
Call Number: PJ4833 B683 E35 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
This index lists the unpointed Hebrew word as it occurs in BDB under the biblical verse, with an English gloss, followed by the page number and section number where a discussion of the form can be found in BDB. The order of the books of the Bible is that of the Christian canon.- Concise Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament, based upon the lexical work of Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner - William L. Holladay
Call Number: PJ4833 H6 1971 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
"An abbreviated English form of KB ...; it used as much of HALAT as was available at the time and supplied the rest from KB. It is intended for students beginning their study of biblical Hebrew and Aramaic and is well suited for that purpose." (Fitzmyer) - Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros
Call Number: PJ4833 K62 1958 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
"The second edition is a reprint of the 1953 edition, together with an important supplement of over 225 pages, incorporating a German-Hebrew and German-Aramaic index of words and a vast number of corrections and additions made to the main text. ... Meanings and discussions are given in both German and English; but the latter are at times weak and untrustworthy. The Hebrew and Aramaic words are listed in strictly alphabetical order. The Aramaic part is usually thought to be superior to the Hebrew part. If constant reference is made to the supplement, this can be an indispensable tool." (Fitzmyer) - Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament - Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner
Call Number: PJ4833 K64 1994
An English translation, with some updating, of Hebräisches und aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament. von Ludwig Koehler und Walter Baumgartner. 3. Aufl. neu bearbeitet von Walter Baumgartner unter Mitarbeit von Benedikt Hartmann und E. Y. Kutscher. [HALAT]
Also available in the Marvin H. Pope Seminar Room. - Hebräisches und aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament - von Ludwig Koehler und Walter Baumgartner
Call Number: PJ4835 G5 K58 1967 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
"This excellent lexicon purports to be the 3d ed. of KB, but it is really an independent, greatly improved work. ... It follows more or less the principles of KB, but the English translations have been eliminated, the parallels in cognate Semitic languages have been multiplied, a great number of references to secondary literature have been added, and the etymologies and meanings greatly improved. It is currently the best Hebrew lexicon available for the study of the OT." (Fitzmyer)
Lexicons: Greek
- Greek-English lexicon. A Supplement - H. G. Liddell, Robert Scott, H. Stuart Jones ; edited by E.A. Barber with the assistance of P. Maas, M. Scheller and M.L. West
Call Number: PA445 E5 L6 1940 Suppl. Oversize (Stack Reference)
A supplement to the Liddell and Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon "which sought to take account of new material in the publications of more recently discovered inscriptions and papyrus texts or new critical editions. It includes the "addenda et corrigenda" to the two main volumes [bound in one volume], accumulated since 1940. New word entries are prefixed with a superscript x." (Fitzmyer) 
Greek-English lexicon - compiled by Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott
Call Number: PA445 E5 L6 1996 Oversize (Trowbridge Reference Room)
"This excellent lexicon, mainly devoted to classical Greek, frequently includes references to the LXX and the NT. It is especially useful for tracing the early history of a NT word or for determining its etymology." (Fitzmyer)
Index to the revised Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich Greek lexicon, second edition - F. Wilbur Gingrich and Frederick W. Danker
Call Number: PA881 B38 1979 Index (Stack Reference)
This index is designed to help one quickly locate the discussion of any given word. The lexical forms are given in the biblical order with the chapter and verse indicated. The Greek lexical form is followed by an indication of the section and subsections in which the discussion of the word is found in BAG, an English gloss and the page number with a letter indicating the quadrant of the page where the discussion of this word is to be found (a - the upper half of the left column, b - the lower half of the left column, c - the upper half of the right column, and d - the lower half of the right column.)
Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature - revised and edited by Frederick William Danker
Call Number: PA881 B38 2000 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
The second English edition has utilized much of the new material that Bauer introduced into his 5th ed. and added some other material gathered by the present editors. The Bauer lexicon's "value lies in the attempt to give succinctly the history of the Greek word, indicating its terminus a quo in Greek literature, its use in the LXX, papyri, and later Greek, as well as the NT occurrences themselves. Abundant bibliographical references to articles and books on the word concerned are also supplied."(Fitzmyer)
Also available in the Marvin H. Pope Seminar Room.
Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament : based on semantic domains - Johannes P. Louw and Eugene A. Nida, editors
Call Number: PA881 G68 1989 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
This lexicon classifies the Greek words and idioms of the New Testament according to shared and distinctive semantic features. The words are grouped in categories called semantic domains, which are listed on pg xxiv-xxv, following the introduction to the lexicon. The domains are further divided into subdomains, which are listed at the beginning of each domain section. The Greek lexical forms with their definitions are listed under the subdomain headings. The second volume contains three indices; a Greek-English index, an English index, and a passage or scripture index.
Lexicons: Aramaic
- Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon
Call Number: Online Resource
This web site allows you access to the CAL database, a comprehensive and searchable lexicon which encompasses all the dialects of Aramaic. Possible searches include search of dictionary headings, text browsing, concordances, and search of the CAL bibliographic archives. - Concise Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament, based upon the lexical work of Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner - William L. Holladay
Call Number: PJ4833 H6 1971 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
"An abbreviated English form of KB ...; it used as much of HALAT as was available at the time and supplied the rest from KB. It is intended for students beginning their study of biblical Hebrew and Aramaic and is well suited for that purpose." (Fitzmyer) - Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros
Call Number: PJ4833 K62 1958 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
"The second edition is a reprint of the 1953 edition, together with an important supplement of over 225 pages, incorporating a German-Hebrew and German-Aramaic index of words and a vast number of corrections and additions made to the main text. ... Meanings and discussions are given in both German and English; but the latter are at times weak and untrustworthy. The Hebrew and Aramaic words are listed in strictly alphabetical order. The Aramaic part is usually thought to be superior to the Hebrew part. If constant reference is made to the supplement, this can be an indispensable tool." (Fitzmyer) - Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament - Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner
Call Number: PJ4833 K64 1994
An English translation, with some updating, of Hebräisches und aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament. von Ludwig Koehler und Walter Baumgartner. 3. Aufl. neu bearbeitet von Walter Baumgartner unter Mitarbeit von Benedikt Hartmann und E. Y. Kutscher. [HALAT]
Also available in the Marvin H. Pope Seminar Room. - Hebräisches und aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament - von Ludwig Koehler und Walter Baumgartner
Call Number: PJ4835 G5 K58 1967 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
"This excellent lexicon purports to be the 3d ed. of KB, but it is really an independent, greatly improved work. ... It follows more or less the principles of KB, but the English translations have been eliminated, the parallels in cognate Semitic languages have been multiplied, a great number of references to secondary literature have been added, and the etymologies and meanings greatly improved. It is currently the best Hebrew lexicon available for the study of the OT." (Fitzmyer)
Reference Grammars: Hebrew
A Grammar of biblical Hebrew - Paul Joüon ; translated and revised by T. Muraoka
Call Number: BS475.2 S9 v.14 (Marvin H. Pope Seminar Room)
ISBN/ISSN: 8876535950
n English translation and revision of Joüon's Grammaire which "is rightly recognized for its treatment of syntax; it is the only full reference grammar that treats it so well, even though one has to admit today that the study of Hebrew syntax has gone beyond it." (Fitzmyer) The revision and updating of the grammar takes into account monographs and articles published since about 1920 (Preface). The grammar consists of 2 volumes, with 3 parts: 1) Orthography and Phonetics, 2) Morphology, and 3) Syntax, and includes subject and scripture indices.
A Cumulative index to the grammar and syntax of Biblical Hebrew - compiled by Frederic Clarke Putnam
Call Number: PJ4553 P87 1996
A combined scriptural index for 14 reference grammars and reference works on syntax published in English or in German.- Historische Grammatik der hebräischen Sprache des alten Testamentes - Hans Bauer and Pontus Leander
Call Number: PJ4564 B34 (Marvin H. Pope Seminar Room)
"Only the first volume of this work ever appeared, treating the orthography, phonology, and morphology of Biblical Hebrew; an appended set of paradigms accompanied it. Though recent developments in the study of Hebrew (and its NW Semitic cognate languages) have dated many aspects of the work, many others in it can still be used, especially the classes of verbs, noun-types, etc." (Fitzmyer) 
Gesenius’ Hebrew grammar - as edited and enlarged by the late E. Kautzsch
Call Number: PJ4564 G47 1980 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
ISBN/ISSN: 0198154062
A Biblical Hebrew reference grammar in English, with an introduction and 3 main parts: 1) Elementary principles, or the sounds and characters, 2) Etymology, or the parts of speech, and 3) Syntax. There are three indices: subject, Hebrew words and forms, and scripture.
Also available in the Marvin H. Pope Seminar Room.
Reference Grammars: Greek
- Greek grammar - by Herbert Weir Smyth ; rev. by Gordon M. Messing
Call Number: PA254 S6 1956 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
A descriptive Greek reference grammar with an introduction and 4 main parts: 1) Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Accent; 2) Inflection; 3) Formation of Words; and 4) Syntax. There is an appendix: with a list of verbs, and English and Greek indices. 
Grammatik des neutestamentlichen Griechisch - Friedrich Blass, Albert Debrunner
Call Number: PA813 B5 1976 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
A reference grammar for New Testament Greek, in English, with an introduction and 3 main parts: 1) Phonology, 2) Accidence and Word-Formation, and 3) Syntax. There are subject, Greek words and forms, and references indices. The references index includes references to the NT, the Apostolic Fathers, the NT Apocrypha, the Pseudo-Clementine Literature, and the Septuagint. Fitzmyer writes: "It is at present the most authoritative NT Greek grammar."- A Grammar of New Testament Greek - James Hope Moulton
Call Number: PA813 M7 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
"Though this grammar was written over a long period of time, it is a good comprehensive grammar of NT Greek; parts of it would not be as up-to-date as BDF." (Fitzmyer)
Also available in the Marvin H. Pope Seminar Room. - A Cumulative index to New Testament Greek grammars - Timothy Owings
Call Number: PA817 O95 1983 (Trowbridge Reference Room)
"The Index is a tool for scholars of the Greek New Testament. It exhaustively includes the indices of eight major advanced and intermediate grammars used in colleges and seminaries today. It is in no way selective. The indices have been reproduced exactly as they appear, by book, chapter, and verse in the New Testament." (Preface) - Greek grammar beyond the basics : an exegetical syntax of the New Testament - Daniel B. Wallace
Call Number: PA851 W34 1996
An intermediate NT Greek grammar, which focuses on syntax and the relationship of syntax to exegesis. This grammar is intended to be both a teaching grammar and a reference grammar. There is a scripture index. (Preface)
Reference Grammars: Aramaic
- Grammar of Biblical Aramaic - Franz Rosenthal
Call Number: PJ5213 R65
An introductory grammar, which "does not presuppose that the student has already acquired a good knowledge of Biblical Hebrew, but tries to treat Biblical Aramaic as a language in its own right." (Fitzmyer) - Targumic Aramaic reader : texts from Onkelos and Jonathan - with introduction and glossary by Ebbe Egede Knudsen
Call Number: PJ5215 K6 1981 - Grammar of Targum Neofiti - David M. Golomb
Call Number: PJ5252 G64 1985 (Marvin H. Pope Seminar Room)
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